diff --git a/e2e/invoice-bulk-edit.spec.ts b/e2e/invoice-bulk-edit.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/invoice-bulk-edit.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
+
+// Characterization spec for the Invoice Bulk Edit modal. Captures CURRENT
+// (pre-migration) behavior so the wizard -> plain-Selmer migration can be proven
+// behavior-preserving. Reset the shared dataset before each test for isolation.
+test.beforeEach(async ({ request }) => {
+  await request.post('/test-reset');
+});
+
+async function getTestInfo(page: any) {
+  return (await page.request.get('/test-info')).json();
+}
+
+async function navigateToInvoices(page: any) {
+  await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders({ 'x-clients': '"mine"' });
+  await page.goto('/invoice');
+  await page.waitForSelector('#entity-table tbody tr');
+}
+
+async function selectFirstInvoice(page: any) {
+  await page.locator('#entity-table tbody input[type="checkbox"]').first().click();
+  await page.waitForTimeout(200);
+}
+
+async function openBulkEditModal(page: any) {
+  await page.locator('button:has-text("Bulk Edit")').first().click();
+  await page.waitForSelector('#wizardmodal');
+}
+
+async function addNewAccount(page: any) {
+  await page.locator('a:has-text("New account")').first().click();
+  await page.waitForTimeout(500);
+}
+
+// Set an account on a row by replacing its Alpine-managed hidden input with a plain
+// one (Solr-backed typeahead is unavailable in tests), then dispatching the location
+// reload -- the same approach the bulk-code spec uses.
+async function setRowAccount(page: any, rowIndex: number, accountId: string) {
+  const rows = page.locator('#wizard-form tbody tr');
+  const row = rows.nth(rowIndex);
+  const hidden = row.locator('input[type="hidden"][name*="[account]"]').first();
+  await hidden.evaluate((el: HTMLInputElement, value: string) => {
+    const n = document.createElement('input');
+    n.type = 'hidden'; n.name = el.name; n.value = value;
+    el.parentNode!.replaceChild(n, el);
+  }, accountId);
+  await page.waitForTimeout(200);
+  const loc = row.locator('[x-dispatch\\:changed]').first();
+  if (await loc.count() > 0) {
+    await loc.evaluate((el: HTMLElement) => el.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('changed', { bubbles: true })));
+    await page.waitForTimeout(400);
+  }
+}
+
+async function setRowPercentage(page: any, rowIndex: number, pct: string) {
+  const row = page.locator('#wizard-form tbody tr').nth(rowIndex);
+  const input = row.locator('input.amount-field, input[name*="percentage"]').first();
+  await input.fill(pct);
+  await input.dispatchEvent('change');
+  await page.waitForTimeout(200);
+}
+
+async function submitForm(page: any) {
+  await page.locator('#wizard-form').evaluate((f: HTMLFormElement) =>
+    f.dispatchEvent(new Event('submit', { bubbles: true })));
+}
+
+test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' });
+
+test.describe('Invoice Bulk Edit (characterization)', () => {
+  test('opens the modal with the expense-account grid', async ({ page }) => {
+    await navigateToInvoices(page);
+    await selectFirstInvoice(page);
+    await openBulkEditModal(page);
+
+    const modal = page.locator('#wizardmodal');
+    await expect(modal).toContainText('Bulk editing 1 invoices');
+    await expect(modal).toContainText('Account');
+    await expect(modal).toContainText('Location');
+    await expect(modal).toContainText('TOTAL');
+    await expect(modal).toContainText('BALANCE');
+    // a default expense-account row is present, plus the New account button
+    expect(await modal.locator('input[name*="[expense-accounts]"][name*="[account]"]').count()).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1);
+    await expect(modal.locator('a:has-text("New account")')).toBeVisible();
+  });
+
+  test('New account adds an expense-account row', async ({ page }) => {
+    await navigateToInvoices(page);
+    await selectFirstInvoice(page);
+    await openBulkEditModal(page);
+
+    const accountRows = () => page.locator('#wizard-form input[name*="[expense-accounts]"][name*="[account]"]');
+    const before = await accountRows().count();
+    await addNewAccount(page);
+    expect(await accountRows().count()).toBe(before + 1);
+  });
+
+  test('saving a 100% account coding closes the modal', async ({ page }) => {
+    const info = await getTestInfo(page);
+    await navigateToInvoices(page);
+    await selectFirstInvoice(page);
+    await openBulkEditModal(page);
+
+    // the default row is at 100% already; set its account and save
+    await setRowAccount(page, 0, info.accounts['test-account'].toString());
+    await setRowPercentage(page, 0, '100');
+    await submitForm(page);
+
+    // a successful save fires modalclose -> the modal closes
+    await expect(page.locator('#wizardmodal')).toBeHidden({ timeout: 8000 });
+  });
+
+  test('rejects when account percentages do not total 100%', async ({ page }) => {
+    const info = await getTestInfo(page);
+    await navigateToInvoices(page);
+    await selectFirstInvoice(page);
+    await openBulkEditModal(page);
+
+    await setRowAccount(page, 0, info.accounts['test-account'].toString());
+    await setRowPercentage(page, 0, '50');
+    await submitForm(page);
+    await page.waitForTimeout(1000);
+
+    // modal stays open on validation failure
+    await expect(page.locator('#modal-holder[x-show="open"]')).toBeVisible();
+    await expect(page.locator('#wizardmodal')).toContainText('does not equal 100%');
+  });
+});